Efficiency of Phragmites australis under different times of wastewater irrigation in the soil–plant–water system

This study investigates the impact of wastewater irrigation on soil–plant–water system at vegetative, flowering, and reproductive stages Phragmites australis for two four days (in each stage) in coastal saline area Urmia Lake. The concentrations potentially toxic elements were detected irrigated water, soil, plant (aboveground belowground) tissues, transfer factor bioaccumulation calculated. shoot biomass was significantly increased with increasing exposure, up to after flowering stage. All belowground (roots rhizomes) tissues higher than aboveground (leaves stems) tissues. Fe showed maximum all organs different growth due level contents soil water. found be least mobile stage presented following order: roots > rhizomes leaves ≥ stems. By contrast, Zn Cd metals which are quickly transported plants exhibited same trend. Pb accumulated as follows: stems leaves. threshold exceeded by Zn, Fe, Cu, roots; rhizomes, leaves; rhizomes; Ni roots. There more efficiency removal chemical oxygen demand (61.09%), biochemical (73%), total suspended solids (50%), ammoniacal nitrogen (59.5%) Therefore, P. could an efficient valuable tool phytoextraction phytostabilization if harvested proper time high polluted ecosystems.